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111 articles for “Substitution”
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A Review on Modified TiO2 Nanostructured Materials in DSSC
Abstract: Dye sensitized solar cells DSSCs emerged as a new class of low cost energy conversion devices with simple manufacturing procedures and environmentally friendly character.TiO2 controls the light harvesting and confinement properties of the cell, in addition to preventing charge recombination and promoting charge transport toward the anode. These last two parameters are major factors in determining the charge collection efficiency. The particle size and shape, crystallinity, surface morphology and chemistry …
Published in International Journal of Energetic Materials · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2015 · pp. 10–21 Read article
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INVESTIGATIONAL STUDIES ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR FRPS COMPOSITES
Abstract: The fibre reinforced composite materials consists of fibres of significant stiffness and strength embedded in a matrix with distinct boundaries between them and these materials had better mechanical properties when compared to normal metals which are thought as better substitutes to metals and add strength and reduces weight of a given system.The strength of FRPSS varies basing on its constituents and composition of constituents. In marine field where high strength …
Published in International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys · Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2020 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Environment Friendly, Exterior Grade Resin Adhesive from Phenol-Animal Glue Formaldehyde (PGF)
Abstract: Phenoplast and aminoplast based resins are the important adhesive for the manufacturing of marine grade, shuttering and moisture resistance plywood. Environmental concerns and higher cost of petroleum based resins have resulted in the development of technologies to replace phenol partially by biomaterials for the manufacturing of resin adhesive. Natural bio-based materials such as tannin, CNSL (cardanol), lignin soya etc. are used as partial substitution of phenol. This paper presents the …
Published in International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering · Vol. 1, Issue 1-2, 2015 · pp. 16–22 Read article
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Manufacturing of BWP-Grade Plywood from Resin Adhesive Using Animal Protein (Glue) by Partial Replacement of Phenol
Abstract: Abstract This paper presents the development of plyboard using phenol–glue–formaldehyde (PGF) resin and their basic mechanical properties. Phenoplast and aminoplast-based resins is the important adhesive for the manufacturing of boiling water proof (BWP) grade, shuttering and moisture resistance plywood. Environmental concerns and higher cost of petroleum-based resins have resulted in the development of technologies to replace phenol partially by biomaterials for the manufacturing of resin adhesive. Natural bio-based materials such …
Published in International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering · Vol. 1, Issue 1-2, 2015 Read article
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Effect of Castor Oil Based Multi-Functional Additive on the Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate
Abstract: The effect of castor oil based multifunctional additives on the properties of natural rubber vulcanizate was studied. The castor oil was extracted from castor seed via mechanical expression and characterized. The castor oil based Multifunctional Additive (MFA) was synthesized by reacting castor oil with Diethylamine at temperature of 80oC under constant stirring for one hour and further cooled in a water bath to terminate the reaction. The formulation of the …
Published in International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering · Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2023 · pp. 5–13 Read article
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No More Shakes
Abstract: Balance rehabilitation therapy is an applicable and exercise-based program which is formed to promote vestibular adaptation and substitution. The goals of balance rehabilitation include enhancement of gaze and postural stability, improvement of vertigo, and activities of daily living. The brain copes with the disorienting signals coming from the inner ears to rely more on alternative signals coming from the eyes, ankle, legs and neck to maintain balance. It will be …
Published in International Journal of Neurological Nursing · Vol. 6, Issue 2, 2020 · pp. 62–65 Read article
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A Review on LIFI- Data Transmitting System
Abstract: Using visible light as a channel for high-speed data transfer, Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a quickly developing wireless communication technology that offers a highly effective and cutting-edge substitute for traditional radio frequency (RF)-based systems like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. With the exponential growth of connected devices and the increasing demand for faster and more reliable communication, the RF spectrum is becoming congested, leading to reduced performance and interference issues. In order …
Published in International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Getting Rid of Carbon: A New Direction for the Chemical Industry
Abstract: The chemical industry is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions due to its reliance on fossil-based feedstocks, energy-intensive processing routes, and long-lived capital infrastructure. Achieving international climate targets therefore requires deep decarbonisation across the entire chemical value chain, a transition complicated by technological limitations, economic risks, and systemic operational barriers. This article critically evaluates key emission-reduction pathways, including electrification of process heat, substitution of fossil resources with bio-based …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 52–61 Read article
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Chemical Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Solid-State Chemistry of NiₓCo₁₋ₓFe₂O₄ Ferrite Oxides
Abstract: Ferrite materials have attracted significant attention in recent decades due to their remarkable magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties. Spinel ferrites, generally represented by the formula MFe₂O₄ (where M denotes a divalent metal ion such as Ni²⁺ or Co²⁺), have attracted significant attention due to their versatile applications in areas including magnetic storage, microwave absorption, sensing technologies, transformers, and catalysis. . In particular, nickel–cobalt mixed ferrites (NiₓCo₁₋ₓFe₂O₄) are of considerable interest …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–9 Read article
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Catalytic Applications of Carbon Nanodots
Abstract: Carbon nanodots (CNDs) owing to their hydrophilicity and multifunctionality and with ultrasmall size exhibit metal-like properties resulting in astounding catalytic performance. These nanostructures, typically less than 10 nm in diameter, possess unique physicochemical and electronic characteristics including tunable photoluminescence, high surface-to-volume ratio, abundant surface functional groups, and excellent electron transfer capabilities. Such properties have driven extensive global research into their application in heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Recent advances in synthesis …
Published in International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 9–14 Read article
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Catalytic Methods to Produce 2,5-FurandicarboxylicAcid from Glucose
Abstract: The new avenue in the realm of catalysis and in chemical industry is the paradigm shift from fossil based to biobased inventory, including the feedstock. Biomass is found to be a promising substitute to petroleum- based feedstock. Almost all the chemicals that could be derived from the conventional petro-refinery can be obtained from the bio-refinery with the intelligent use of Catalysis for the conversion of biomass selectively to the target …
Published in International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 12–20 Read article
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Sustainable Cementitious Composites withEpoxy–Alccofine Synergy
Abstract: This research examines the combined influence of epoxy resin and Alccofine when used as partial substitutes for cement in producing sustainable, high-performance concrete. The study aims to improve both strength and durability properties while simultaneously reducing cement usage and its environmental impact. Concrete mixes were prepared with epoxy resin contents of 0%, 5%, and 10% by weight of cement, along with Alccofine replacement levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The …
Published in International Journal of Concrete Technology · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 1–12 Read article
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Xerostomia and Salivary Gland Hypofunction: From Pathophysiology to Nanotechnology‑Enabled Regenerative Therapies
Abstract: Xerostomia, the subjective sensation of oral dryness, is a common yet frequently underrecognized condition with multifactorial etiology and substantial consequences for oral and systemic health. Salivary gland hypofunction underlies many, but not all, cases and may result from medication use, head and neck radiotherapy, autoimmune disease, systemic illnesses, or age-related and hormonal changes. Persistent xerostomia impairs mastication, swallowing, speech, taste, and sleep, and predisposes to dental caries, periodontal disease, oral …
Published in International journal of Nanobiotechnology · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–27 Read article
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Evaluation of Culvert design by FRP Rebars
Abstract: Abstract The increasing need for long-lasting and sustainable infrastructure has encouraged the use of innovative materials in civil engineering applications. This study examines the design of a culvert reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars as a substitute for conventional steel reinforcement. FRP bars provide notable benefits such as excellent resistance to corrosion, a high strength-to-weight ratio, and improved durability. These properties make them especially appropriate for structures exposed to …
Published in International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 30–35 Read article
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Comprehensive Manufacturing Processes, Chemical Syntheses, and Mass Balance Analyses for Ten Essential Fungicides in Agrochemical Production
Abstract: This research paper presents a detailed examination of the manufacturing processes for ten key fungicides used in agrochemical applications: Amisulbrom, Azoxystrobin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Boscalid, Carboxin, Carpropamid, Cyazofamid, Cyclobutrifluram, and Cyflufenamid. For each fungicide, the synthesis pathways are outlined, including step-by-step chemical reactions, basic chemistry, reactant stoichiometries, and mass calculations based on a standardized production scale of 1000 kg of the final product. Mass balances are provided to account for inputs …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 1–21 Read article
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Aromaticity-Guided Synthesis and Reactivity of Heterocyclic Compounds: Structural Insights and Applications
Abstract: The concept of aromaticity serves as a fundamental framework for understanding the structural and electronic characteristics of heterocyclic compounds, which play a crucial role in modern synthetic chemistry. Aromatic compounds, characterized by cyclic planar systems with delocalized π-electrons, follow the Hückel rule, conferring significant stability to heterocyclic structures. The incorporation of heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur, within these rings profoundly influences electron distribution, molecular reactivity, and synthetic pathways. …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 1–7 Read article
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Lignocellulosic Fibers for Nonwovens: Description, Manufacturing Processes, and Applications
Abstract: The increasing environmental concerns associated with synthetic polymers have prompted a shift towards sustainable alternatives in the textile industry, particularly in nonwoven fabrics. Lignocellulosic fibers, derived from natural plant sources, have emerged as promising candidates due to their excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, and lower environmental impact. This study provides a comprehensive examination of lignocellulosic fibers as eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic materials in nonwoven textiles. It covers the extraction techniques, properties, …
Published in International Journal of Plant Biotechnology · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 54–87 Read article
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Utilization of Plastic Waste in Pavement Block by Partially Replacement of Fine Aggregate
Abstract: The rapid expansion of urban areas and industrial activities has resulted in a considerable rise in production of plastic waste. This presents a significant ecological issue because of the restricted biodegradability of plastics. The possible approach is to investigate the incorporation of plastic waste in building construction materials. This research investigates the theoretical application of waste plastic in pavement blocks as a partial substitute for fine aggregate. The emphasis is …
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–9 Read article
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BIOPLASTIC INNOVATION THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF PINEAPPLE LEAF CELLULOSE, TOMATO FIBER, AND POTATO STARCH
Abstract: Growing concerns over the environmental impact of conventional plastic waste have accelerated the search for sustainable alternatives. This study investigates the development of biodegradable plastics using agricultural residues—specifically pineapple leaves, potatoes, and tomatoes. Pineapple leaves provide cellulose for structural strength, potato starch improves film-forming capacity, and tomato-derived pectin and fiber enhance elasticity and moisture resistance. The bioplastics were prepared through extraction, gelatinization, and crosslinking processes to achieve mechanical stability and …
Published in International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 42–47 Read article
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Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Some Bis-1,4-(3-Mercapto-5-Oxymethyl-1,2,4-Triazole-5-yl) Benzene & Bis-1,4-(5-Amino-2-Oxymethyl-1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-yl) Benzene
Abstract: Heterocyclic compounds are well known for their pharmacological application. Among all N-containing heterocyclic compounds, triazole emerges superior application. Triazole have two core structures 1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,3-triazoles. They both can give a broad range of substitutions with their structures, due to these characteristics, they have significant biological applications. They are also important in organocatalysis, agrochemicals, and material science. We aim to explore suitable molecular modifications in thiadiazole and triazole derivatives to …
Published in International Journal of Agrochemistry · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 9–15 Read article