JournalsPub Peer-reviewed international journals in science, engineering and medicine

International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions

A Brief Update on Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), and Sulfur (S) Based Heterocycles Containing Advanced Materials in Next‐Generation Energy Conversion and Storage Devices

  1. Bhavesh S Hirani
  2. Sevak B Gurubaxani

Abstract

Subsequently, the market for wearable and portable electronics has expanded significantly due to the development of multifunctional energy generation and storage systems that can be folded, twisted, and reshaped in a variety of ways while maintaining their electrochemical efficiency. This progress has been fueled by the latest advancements in materials science and well-established techniques for constructing state-of-the-art organic semiconductors, heterocyclic solids, and flexible energy-generating and storage systems. Flexible photo- electrochemical cells and supercapacitors are now made possible by improving the optical, electrochemical, and physical characteristics of materials, opening the door to innovative energy solutions. As researchers gain deeper insights into the multifunctional properties of various materials, they have been able to tailor them for a wide range of flexible energy devices, making them more efficient and practical. These advancements extend to a variety of materials with diverse properties, such as ionic conductivity, exceptional thermal stability, light harvesting capability, and non-toxicity. Notably, the design of these materials requires careful consideration of their scalability, sustainability, and overall performance in real-world applications. We will also describe some appealing examples that demonstrate the multifunctionality of these materials, showcasing their potential in flexible devices. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of designing effective materials and their integration into next-generation flexible energy generation and storage systems. Looking ahead, flexible and wearable energy-conversion and storage technologies are expected to play a pivotal role in shaping future-oriented advancements, offering innovative solutions to the growing demand for portable, efficient, and sustainable energy sources.

Keywords

References (72)

  1. Owusu, P. A., & Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1167990. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
  2. Dillon, A. C. (2010). Carbon nanotubes for photoconversion and electrical energy storage. Chemical Reviews, 110(11), 6856–6872. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9003314
  3. Ang, T.-Z., Salem, M., Kamarol, M., Das, H. S., Nazari, M. A., & Prabaharan, N. (2022). A comprehensive study of renewable energy sources: Classifications, challenges and suggestions. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100939
  4. Schmidt, J., et al. (2019). A new perspective on global renewable energy systems: Why trade in energy carriers matters. Energy & Environmental Science, 12(7), 2022–2029. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE00223E
  5. Gates, B. D. (2009). Flexible electronics. Science, 323(5921), 1566–1567. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171230
  6. Baeg, K., & Lee, J. (2020). Flexible electronic systems on plastic substrates and textiles for smart wearable technologies. Advanced Materials Technologies, 5(7), 2000071. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000071
  7. Fakharuddin, A., Jose, R., Brown, T. M., Fabregat-Santiago, F., & Bisquert, J. (2014). A perspective on the production of dye-sensitized solar modules. Energy & Environmental Science, 7(12), 3952–3981. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE01724B
  8. Najib, S., & Erdem, E. (2019). Current progress achieved in novel materials for supercapacitor electrodes: Mini review. Nanoscale Advances, 1(8), 2817–2827. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00345B
  9. Conibeer, G. (2007). Third-generation photovoltaics. Materials Today, 10(11), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70278-X
  10. Zhong, C., Deng, Y., Hu, W., Qiao, J., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2015). A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chemical Society Reviews, 44(21), 7484–7539. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00303B
  11. Choudhury, N. A., Sampath, S., & Shukla, A. K. (2009). Hydrogel-polymer electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors: An overview. Energy & Environmental Science, 2(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1039/B811217G
  12. Cheng, X., Pan, J., Zhao, Y., Liao, M., & Peng, H. (2018). Gel polymer electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage. Advanced Energy Materials, 8(7), 1702184. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702184
  13. Kung, P., et al. (2018). A review of inorganic hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 5(22), 1800882. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800882
  14. Zhang, Y., et al. (2020). Defect engineering on electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. Advanced Materials, 32(7), 1905923. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905923
  15. Ren, F., Li, S., & He, C. (2015). Electrolyte for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells assessed with cyclic voltammetry. Science China Materials, 58(6), 490–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-015-0054-1
  16. Vaghasiya, J. V., Sonigara, K. K., Soni, S. S., & Tan, S. C. (2018). Dual functional hetero-anthracene based single component organic ionic conductors as redox mediator cum light harvester for solid state photoelectrochemical cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(11), 4868–4877. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA00304A
  17. Weerasinghe, H. C., Huang, F., & Cheng, Y.-B. (2013). Fabrication of flexible dye sensitized solar cells on plastic substrates. Nano Energy, 2(2), 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.10.004
  18. Mosconi, E., Selloni, A., & De Angelis, F. (2012). Solvent effects on the adsorption geometry and electronic structure of dye-sensitized TiO₂: A first-principles investigation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(9), 5932–5940. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp209420h
  19. Mishra, A., Fischer, M. K. R., & Bäuerle, P. (2009). Metal-free organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: From structure–property relationships to design rules. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(14), 2474–2499. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200804709
  20. Asaduzzaman, A. M., & Schreckenbach, G. (2011). Interactions of the N3 dye with the iodide redox shuttle: Quantum chemical mechanistic studies of dye regeneration in dye-sensitized solar cells. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13(33), 15148. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp21168d
  21. Raj, C. J., et al. (2018). Metal oxide-based nanostructured photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1777–1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.275
  22. Roy, A., Sinha, S., & Sarkar, D. (2017). A review on recent trends in nanostructured photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 28(8), 6029–6053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-6262-8
  23. Kumar, M., et al. (2020). Enhancing photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells using graphene-based materials: A review. Solar Energy, 198, 448–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.01.078
  24. Sun, S., & Chang, J. (2021). Nanostructured TiO₂ electrodes for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications. Materials Today Chemistry, 21, 100510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100510
  25. Mahmood, K., Swain, B. S., & Jung, H. S. (2014). Controlling the morphology of nanostructured TiO₂ for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnology, 25(3), 034002. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/3/034002
  26. Chen, D., et al. (2015). Improved electron transport in mesoporous TiO₂ photoanodes by doping with metal ions. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119(17), 9550–9559. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp511990a
  27. Singh, R., & Shukla, A. (2018). Metal oxide nanostructures in dye-sensitized solar cells: Advances and challenges. Nano Energy, 50, 651–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.004
  28. Ghosh, A., et al. (2019). Surface modification of TiO₂ nanostructures for enhanced solar cell performance: A review. Applied Surface Science, 479, 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.02.056
  29. Pathak, S., Abate, A., Ruckdeschel, P., et al. (2014). Perovskite solar cells: A review of low-cost materials and fabrication techniques. Advanced Energy Materials, 4(15), 1301667. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201301667
  30. Green, M. A., et al. (2022). Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 59). Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 30(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3506
  31. Yang, W. S., et al. (2017). Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide–based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells. Science, 356(6345), 1376–1379. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2301
  32. Snaith, H. J. (2013). Perovskites: The emergence of a new era for low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 4(21), 3623–3630. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz4020162
  33. Lee, M. M., Teuscher, J., Miyasaka, T., Murakami, T. N., & Snaith, H. J. (2012). Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites. Science, 338(6107), 643–647. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228604
  34. Li, X., et al. (2019). Stability and efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cells via interface engineering. Advanced Materials, 31(5), 1806260. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806260
  35. Zhao, Y., & Zhu, K. (2016). Organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 45(3), 655–689. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00897B
  36. Wang, Z., et al. (2020). Defect engineering in perovskite solar cells for high performance and stability. Advanced Energy Materials, 10(6), 1903742. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903742
  37. Chen, Q., et al. (2015). Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via vapor-assisted solution process. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3(18), 9401–9407. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA05033A
  38. Tan, H., Jain, A., Voznyy, O., et al. (2017). Efficient and stable solution-processed planar perovskite solar cells via contact passivation. Science, 355(6326), 722–726. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9081
  39. Jeon, N. J., Noh, J. H., Kim, Y. C., et al. (2014). Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells. Nature Materials, 13(9), 897–903. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4014
  40. Saliba, M., et al. (2016). Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: Improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency. Energy & Environmental Science, 9(6), 1989–1997. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE03874J
  41. NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). (2023). Best research-cell efficiencies chart. Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html
  42. Li, C., et al. (2021). Recent advances in interface engineering for perovskite solar cells. Advanced Science, 8(2), 2001300. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001300
  43. Yin, W.-J., Shi, T., & Yan, Y. (2014). Unusual defect physics in CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cell absorber. Applied Physics Letters, 104(6), 063903. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4864778
  44. Wu, T., et al. (2020). Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells via surface passivation and interface optimization. Science Advances, 6(7), eaaz6477. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6477
  45. Luo, D., et al. (2018). Enhanced photovoltage for perovskite solar cells via electron transport layer modification. Nature Energy, 3(9), 770–778. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0192-2
  46. Min, H., et al. (2019). Interface engineering of perovskite solar cells for improved stability and performance. Nature Photonics, 13(12), 880–885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0528-9
  47. Park, N.-G. (2015). Perovskite solar cells: An emerging photovoltaic technology. Materials Today, 18(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.07.007
  48. Correa-Baena, J. P., et al. (2017). The rapid evolution of highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Energy & Environmental Science, 10(3), 710–727. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE03397K
  49. Green, M. A., Ho-Baillie, A., & Snaith, H. J. (2014). The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nature Photonics, 8(7), 506–514. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.134
  50. Kulkarni, A. P., et al. (2018). Molecular engineering of hole-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells. Accounts of Chemical Research, 51(3), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00442
  51. Jena, A. K., Kulkarni, A., & Miyasaka, T. (2019). Halide perovskite photovoltaics: Background, status, and future prospects. Chemical Reviews, 119(5), 3036–3103. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00539
  52. Bai, Y., et al. (2019). Progress in reducing hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. Advanced Energy Materials, 9(5), 1803576. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803576
  53. Arora, N., Dar, M. I., Hinderhofer, A., et al. (2017). Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability through controlled humidity processing. Science, 358(6364), 768–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5655
  54. Chen, W., et al. (2017). Efficient and stable large-area perovskite solar cells with inorganic charge extraction layers. Nature Energy, 2(8), 16226. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.226
  55. Ahn, N., Son, D.-Y., Jang, I.-H., Kang, S. M., Choi, M., & Park, N.-G. (2015). Highly reproducible perovskite solar cells with average efficiency of 18.3% and best efficiency of 19.7% achieved via Lewis base adduct of lead(II) iodide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(27), 8696–8699. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b04930
  56. Saliba, M., Matsui, T., Domanski, K., et al. (2016). Incorporation of rubidium cations into perovskite solar cells improves photovoltaic performance. Science, 354(6309), 206–209. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5557
  57. Eperon, G. E., et al. (2014). Formamidinium lead trihalide: A broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells. Energy & Environmental Science, 7(3), 982–988. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE43822H
  58. Christians, J. A., Fung, R. C. M., & Kamat, P. V. (2014). An inorganic hole conductor for organo-lead halide perovskite solar cells: Improved stability and efficiency with CuSCN. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 136(2), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja411014k
  59. Cappel, U. B., Daeneke, T., & Bach, U. (2012). Oxygen-induced doping of Spiro-MeOTAD in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells and its impact on device performance. Nano Letters, 12(9), 4925–4931. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302675b
  60. Abate, A., Saliba, M., Hollman, D. J., et al. (2015). Supramolecular halogen bond passivation of organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Nano Letters, 15(5), 3247–3254. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00507
  61. Jiang, Q., et al. (2019). Surface passivation of perovskite film for efficient solar cells. Nature Photonics, 13(7), 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0398-2
  62. Cho, K. T., et al. (2017). Highly efficient perovskite solar cells with a compositionally engineered perovskite/hole transport layer interface. Advanced Energy Materials, 7(8), 1601733. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601733
  63. Jiang, Y., et al. (2019). Alkali metal doping for improved performance and stability in perovskite solar cells. Nature Energy, 4(6), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0398-2
  64. Yoo, J. J., et al. (2021). Efficient perovskite solar cells via improved charge transport through interface engineering. Nature, 590(7847), 587–593. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03285-w
  65. Fang, H.-H., et al. (2015). Photophysics of organic–inorganic hybrid lead iodide perovskite films: Exciton binding energy, charge carrier mobility, and diffusion length. Advanced Functional Materials, 25(16), 2378–2385. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201404290
  66. Choi, J., et al. (2020). Understanding degradation mechanisms in perovskite solar cells: From material to device. Advanced Energy Materials, 10(13), 1902592. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902592
  67. Chen, B., et al. (2019). Impact of moisture on stability of perovskite solar cells: Mechanisms and mitigation strategies. Energy & Environmental Science, 12(2), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE02895J
  68. Wang, R., Mujahid, M., Duan, Y., Wang, Z.-K., Xue, J., & Yang, Y. (2019). A review of perovskites for solar cell applications: From fundamentals to devices. Advanced Functional Materials, 29(47), 1808843. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808843
  69. Qiu, J., et al. (2021). Compositional engineering for perovskite solar cells: Strategies and recent progress. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(9), 5472–5498. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA10704F
  70. Zheng, X., et al. (2020). Molecular engineering of passivation materials for perovskite solar cells. Advanced Energy Materials, 10(8), 1902579. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902579
  71. Zhang, T., et al. (2022). Stability improvement of perovskite solar cells via interface passivation and compositional tuning. Nano Energy, 97, 107212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107212
  72. Xiang, W., et al. (2023). Future perspectives of perovskite photovoltaics: From efficiency to stability. Nature Reviews Materials, 8(5), 364–384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-022-00519-3

Other papers on this site that share keywords with this one, closest match first.

  1. International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions

    Innovative Approaches to Organic and Inorganic Nanocomposite Synthesis: Chemical Reaction Pathways

    2024

  2. International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering

    Exploring Conductive Polymers for Flexible Electronics:Fabrication Techniques and Performance Analysis

    2024

  3. International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization

    A Review on Nanotechnology for Catalysis and Solar Energy Conversion

    2024

  4. International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization

    Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Review of Materials, Device Architectures, Stability, Hysteresis, and Commercialization Challenges

    2026

  5. International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions

    Advances in the Synthesis and Functional Applications of Crystalline Materials

    2026

  6. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry

    Electrification of the Chemical Industry: A Next-Generation Approach to Sustainable Chemical Synthesis and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

    2025

Read more of it

Subscribe to one journal or build your own list of several. One invoice, one payment, access for a full year.

Subscribe to journals →

Publish your article

Peer-reviewed journals across every subject, with open access options. Send your manuscript to the right editor today.

Publish with us → Calculate your APC