The shortage and price scramble of fossil fuels accompanied by vast CO2 emissions have triggered a worldwide search for alternative and sustainable resources. Wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and water are the most commonly used alternative energy sources. The biomass residues are typically at low cost and readily availabile, and has been used as feedstocks for synthesis of renewable energy. To produced the bio-fuels from biomass residues, several reaction pathways categorized as thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction are studied. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in this work to investigate the effect of temperature (400–600°C), pressure (0.04-0.1 Mpa), and catalyst at a constant temperature of 550°C on pyrolysis product yields. At 550°C, a heating rate of 10°C/min, a particle size of 0.5 to 1.5 cm, and a nitrogen flow rate of 200 mL/min, the maximum bio-oil yield of 29.8 wt% was obtained. Various instrumental methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), proximate and ultimate analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize pyrolysis products and raw materials (bio-oil, bio-mass). Bio-oil of difference is found to have H/C molar ratio of 0.8, 0.54 and 0.6 wt. %, empirical formula of CH0.8 O0.29 N0.008, CH0.54 O0.29 N0.007 and CH0.6 O0.32 N0.008 and heating value of 25.32, 26.89 and 25.08 MJ/kg. Subsequently is a dark brownish acidic liquid that contains a complex mixture of chemical compounds such as acids, alcohols, alkynes, carboxylic acids, alkanes, alkene ketones, phenols, and some aromatics. The findings indicate that, after upgrading, bio-oil has the potential to be valuable as a renewable fuel and as a chemical feedstock. The SCB's property demonstrates that it is an excellent pyrolysis raw material.
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